Seroconversion of hepatitis B vaccine in infants related to the mother's serostatus in a community of São José dos Campos, state of São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract

PURPOSE: To detect seroconversion of hepatitis B vaccine and antibody waning 3 years after vaccination in children immunized according to the World Health Organization schedule and its relationship to the mother's serostatus during pregnancy. METHODS: A serological study was carried out in São José dos Campos. Blood samples from pregnant women were taken for hepatitis B marker serology. To evaluate seroconversion in infants born to these women, serology was performed 1 month after they were vaccinated with recombinant vaccine. Another group of children was evaluated 3 years after being immunized. RESULTS: Among 224 pregnant women, 0.9% were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen, 8.0% for antibodies to the surface antigen, and 4.5% for antibodies to the virus core. Seroconversion among 174 infants was as follows: absent in 18 children (10.35%), low level in 15 (8.62%), intermediate level in 26 (14.94%), and a high level (good response) in 115 (66.09%). Antibody positivity after 3 years was as follows: absent in 8 children (7.92%), low level in 51 (50.5%), intermediate level in 20 (19.8%), and high level in 22 (21.78%). Considering the age that the vaccine was administered, a significant proportion of non-seroconverters was found among children who had received the complete 3-dose schedule before 9 months (P = 0.023). Another factor that significantly contributed to the lack of seroconversion was the presence of any serological marker for hepatitis B during pregnancy (P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: Data gathered in this work show that the immunization schedule for hepatitis B in low or moderate prevalence areas should be revised in order to optimize seroconversion.