Pendekatan Integral dalam Kitab Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Dihubungkan Melalui Rekonstruksi Sistem Pemidanaan Berbasis Relasi Sosial

Abstract

Pembaruan hukum pidana nasional melalui pengesahan KUHP baru menandai transformasi penting dari pendekatan pemidanaan yang retributif dan individualistik menuju paradigma integral yang lebih kontekstual dan berbasis relasi sosial. Selama puluhan tahun, sistem hukum pidana Indonesia berlandaskan KUHP kolonial yang membatasi pertanggungjawaban pidana hanya pada pelaku langsung, tanpa mempertimbangkan pengaruh struktural, psikologis, maupun institusional yang turut mendorong terjadinya tindak pidana. Kekosongan ini tampak dalam berbagai kasus, seperti kekerasan terhadap anak, eksploitasi seksual, dan kejahatan korporasi, di mana pelaku seringkali merupakan bagian dari rantai hubungan sosial yang lebih luas. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi dua permasalahan utama: pertama, keterbatasan KUHP lama yang tidak mampu mengakomodasi pertanggungjawaban pidana berbasis relasi sosial; kedua, bagaimana KUHP baru merekonstruksi sistem pemidanaan melalui pendekatan integral. Dengan metode yuridis normatif, penelitian ini menganalisis peraturan, doktrin hukum, dan prinsip pemidanaan dalam KUHP baru. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa KUHP baru memperluas cakupan pertanggungjawaban pidana melalui pengaturan pidana pengawasan, pidana kerja sosial, serta pengakuan terhadap korporasi dan individu terkait sebagai subjek hukum. Pendekatan ini memberikan landasan normatif yang lebih adaptif untuk menjawab dinamika sosial, memperkuat keadilan restoratif, dan memastikan pemidanaan yang lebih proporsional serta berorientasi pada pemulihan sosial. Dengan demikian, KUHP baru mengisi kekosongan hukum sebelumnya dan menghadirkan sistem pemidanaan yang lebih relevan bagi kebutuhan masyarakat modern.-.  The reform of national criminal law through the enactment of the new Criminal Code (KUHP) marks a paradigm shift from a retributive and individualistic penal system towards a more contextual and relational integral approach. Indonesia's criminal law system for decades has been based on the colonial Dutch inheritance KUHP (Wetboek van Strafrecht), which emphasizes individual and retributive criminal responsibility. In practice, this approach often fails to address the social complexities of a criminal act, especially when crimes occur within the context of power relations, caregiving, or institutional structures. For example, in cases of child abuse, sexual exploitation, or corporate crimes, the direct perpetrators are often only part of a broader structural chain, while actors who have psychological, historical, or institutional influence over the occurrence of the crime remain untouched by the law. This gap creates inequality in the enforcement of justice and hampers efforts for comprehensive social rehabilitation. The old Criminal Code does not provide an adequate normative framework to assess criminal responsibility based on complex social relationships. As a result, the penal system becomes narrow, rigid, and less adaptive to the dynamics of modern society. In this study, the author observes social phenomena and fundamental problems, then attempts to conceptualize them in the form of research questions to explain an integral approach in the Criminal Code, connected through the reconstruction of a penal system based on social relations. The researcher constructs it in the form of two problem formulations that will be discussed in detail. 1. What is the form of gaps in the old Criminal Code concerning structural and socially-based criminal responsibility? The first formulation more fundamentally examines the limitations of the Criminal Code, focusing on direct perpetrators as criminal subjects, without considering psychological relationships, supervision, or institutional roles. 2. How does the new Criminal Code (KUHP) reconstruct the penal system through an integral approach to accommodate social relations in criminal liability? This examines the new norms that allow punishment for parties who have a historical or psychological connection with the offender. This study uses a normative juridical method focusing on the analysis of legislation, legal doctrines, and the principles of punishment developed in the KUHP. The study's results indicate that the KUHP has not yet accommodated criminal liability for parties who have psychological, historical, or structural connections with the offender. The new Criminal Code (KUHP) addresses this gap through regulations on supervisory penalties, community service, and the expansion of subjects of criminal liability, including corporations and individuals who have social relationships with the offender. This integral approach strengthens The goal of punishment is oriented towards legal protection, restorative justice, and social development, while simultaneously aligning the Indonesian criminal justice system with the values of substantive justice and the development of modern society.