Ecotoxicological impacts of parabens on flora and fauna

Abstract

Parabens, used as preservatives in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food, are becoming environmental pollutants due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and endocrine-disrupting effects. They enter aquatic ecosystems through wastewater, often surviving treatment. Found in water, sediments, organisms, and humans, parabens pose ecological and health risks. This review examines their sources, behavior, toxicity, transformation, and regulatory gaps, emphasizing the urgent need for risk assessments and safer alternatives.