Image-Level Anti-Personnel Landmine Detection Using Deep Learning in Long-Wave Infrared Images

Abstract

This study proposes a simple deep learning-based framework for image-level anti-personnel landmine detection in long-wave infrared imagery. To address challenges posed by the limited size of the available dataset and the small spatial size of anti-personnel landmines within images, we integrate two key techniques: transfer learning using pre-trained vision foundation models, and attention-based multiple instance learning to derive discriminative image features. We evaluate five pre-trained models, including ResNet, ConvNeXt, ViT, OpenCLIP, and InfMAE, in combination with attention-based multiple instance learning. Furthermore, to mitigate the reliance of trained models on irrelevant features such as artificial or natural structures in the background, we introduce an inpainting-based image augmentation method. Experimental results, conducted on a publicly available “legbreaker” anti-personnel landmine infrared dataset, demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves high precision and recall, validating its effectiveness for landmine detection in infrared imagery. Additional experiments are also performed on an aerial image dataset designed for detecting small-sized ship targets to further validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.