Stimulation of gonadal steroid synthesis by chronic excess of adrenocorticotropin in patients with adrenocortical insufficiency

Abstract

Analysis of 24-h urinary steroid excretion was performed by capillary gas chromatography in six patients (five men, one woman) with adrenocortical insufficiency. Ten healthy subjects (five men, five women) served as controls. A complete absence of all 21-hydroxylated steroid metabolites was seen in patients with adrenocortical insufficiency, whereas the excretion of several steroids lacking hydroxylation in the 21-position (pregnenolone, pregnenetriol, and 11-ketoandrosterone) was markedly increased. In addition, the presence of 11β-hydroxyandrosterone was confirmed by mass-spectrometry in the urine of three patients. This pattern of steroid excretion was unchanged in patients with adrenocortical insufficiency, both after stimulation by 1-24 adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and after short-term (3-d) suppression with dexamethasone. We conclude that patients with adrenocortical insufficiency present a pattern of steroid excretion characterized by the absence of 21-hydroxylated metabolites. In the absence of functional adrenocortical tissue, long-term pathologically elevated concentrations of ACTh apparently stimulate early steps of steroid synthesis, most likely in the gonads. In addition, the presence of 11-hydroxylated steroid metabolites (11-ketoandrosterone, 11β-hydroxyandrosterone) in the urine of patients with adrenocortical insufficiency demonstrates that chronic ACTH excess in this disorder may induce some activity of 11β-hydroxylase, an enzyme not found in the gonads under physiological conditions.