The Pro-Ecological Evolution of Powertrains and Fuels in Formula 1

Abstract

This article describes the environmentally friendly evolution of Formula 1 powertrains and fuels since the start of the season. It is the only study of its kind to encompass a comprehensive analysis of various solutions designed to make Formula 1 powertrains more environmentally friendly. Despite the difficulties in accessing descriptions of many of the advanced, unique proprietary technologies used in Formula 1, many of them have been analyzed to whatever extent was possible. A significant portion of the article was devoted to discussing the new regulations that will apply to powertrains between 2026 and 2030. In particular, it addresses the increased thermal efficiency of Formula 1 combustion engines, the introduction of sustainable synthetic fuels, and the further reduction in harmful exhaust emissions, including CO2, from future Formula 1 powertrains. A wide, tabular comparison of the parameters, requirements, and operational characteristics of powertrains compliant with the regulations between 2014 and 2025 and between 2026 and 2030 was provided.