Reliability analysis of standby systems with multi-state elements subject to constant transition rates

Abstract

Standby redundancy has been extensively applied to critical engineering systems to enhance system reliability. Researches on reliability evaluation for standby systems focus more on systems with binary-state elements. However, multi-state elements with different performances have played a significant role in engineering systems. This paper presents an approach for reliability analysis of standby systems composed of multi-state elements with constant state transition rates and absorbing failure states. The approach allows modelling different standby systems beyond cold, warm and hot ones by taking into account differences in possible maintenance of elements in standby and operation modes and dependence of elements' operational behavior on their initial state at the time of activation. An iterative algorithm for reliability evaluation based on element state probabilities is suggested. Illustrating examples of evaluating reliability of different types of homogeneous and heterogeneous standby systems are demonstrated.