Potential Applications of Human Viral Metagenomics and Reference Materials: Considerations for Current and Future Viruses

Abstract

fect bacteria, archaea, and fungi, as well as human and other animal cells. Given that determining virus composition and function in association with states of human health and disease is of increasing interest, we anticipate that the field of viral met-agenomics will continue to expand and be applied in a variety of areas ranging from surveillance to discovery and will rely heavily upon the continued development of reference materials and databases. Information regarding viral composition and function readily translates into biological and clinical applications, including the rapid sequence identification of pathogenic viruses in various sample types. How-ever, viral metagenomic approaches often lack appropriate standards and reference materials to enable cross-study comparisons and assess potential biases which can be introduced at the various stages of collection, storage, processing, and sequence analysis. In addition, implementation of appropriate viral reference materials can aid in the benchmarking of current and development of novel assays for virus identifica-tion, discovery, and surveillance. As the field of viral metagenomics expands and standardizes, results will continue to translate into diverse applications. Viruses are ubiquitous particles comprising genetic material that can in-