Astrocyte-apolipoprotein E associations in senile plaques in Alzheimer disease and vascular lesions: A regional immunohistochemical study

Abstract

While apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and β-amyloid (Aβ) co-localize in senile plaques in cortex and cerebellum in Alzheimer disease (AD), the Aβ-positive, predominantly diffuse plaques in the striatum do not exhibit ApoE immunoreactivity regardless of disease duration. As astrocytes are a major source of ApoE in the brain, we investigated potential regional differences in the ability of astrocytes to produce ApoE that might affect Aβ processing and the progression of AD pathology. Using antibodies to ApoE, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and Aβ, we compared the pattern of immunoreactivity in senile plaques in AD autopsy tissue with that of reactive astrocytes surrounding subacute and old infarcts in both AD and non-AD cases. We found GFAP and ApoE immunoreactivity, but not Aβ label, in cell bodies and processes of reactive astrocytes in zones of infarction within cerebral cortex, striatum, and cerebellum, indicating that astrocytes are capable of upregulating ApoE within these 3 regions. In contrast, while astrocytes +surrounded many neocortical neuritic plaques in AD, these GFAP-positive cells failed to label with ApoE; instead, ApoE label within plaques paralleled that of Aβ. As expected, neither the ApoE-negative diffuse plaques of the striatum nor the ApoE-immunopositive diffuse plaques of the cerebellum were clearly associated with GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes. The apparent absence of ApoE label in cortical plaque-associated astrocytes may signify a regulatory mechanism affecting ApoE synthesis and secretion, influenced by binding of ApoE to fibrillar amyloid within the plaques, neuritic changes, or other factors.