Dissipation and energy gap

Abstract

The effect of anharmonicity (coupling) in the field theory generally results in dissipation of plane waves. It has been appreciated that anharmonicity and ensuing dissipation of plane waves can be accompanied by the emergence of the gapped momentum state. Here, we show that the same effect can lead to a gapped energy state and a dispersion relation where the frequency (energy) gap emerges explicitly.Wediscuss several notable properties of gapped energy and momentum states and connections between them.