Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Memory and Emotional Recovery in Patients with Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective, Multicenter, Interventional Pilot Study

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Emotional and cognitive impairments are prevalent in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), significantly affecting their quality of life and recovery potential. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as a promising non-invasive method to enhance neurorehabilitation outcomes by modulating neural activity. Methods: This prospective, open-label, multicenter interventional study included 100 participants (50 AIS, 50 TBI) who underwent 10 sessions of tDCS. Emotional states, depression levels, and memory and learning outcomes were assessed pre- and post-intervention using the UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist (UMACL), Depression Measurement Questionnaire (DMQ), Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), and Brain Damage Diagnostic Test (BDDT). Results: Significant improvements in emotional states were observed post-tDCS. Hedonic tone increased (AIS: 2.5 to 5 stens; TBI: 1.5 to 4 stens), while tension arousal decreased (AIS: 8 to 6 stens; TBI: 8 to 6 stens; all p < 0.001). Depression levels dropped significantly, with the overall depression index decreasing from 131 to 100 points in AIS and from 126 to 104 points in TBI (both p < 0.001). Memory and learning scores improved significantly, evidenced by increased correct responses and reduced errors in BVRT and BDDT tests (all p < 0.001). Conclusions: tDCS effectively improved emotional states, reduced depression levels, and enhanced cognitive functions in AIS and TBI patients. These findings support the integration of tDCS into neurorehabilitation protocols, with further research needed to explore long-term benefits and individualized treatment strategies.