Local sleep in awake rats

Abstract

In an awake state, neurons in the cerebral cortex fire irregularly and electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings display low-amplitude, high-frequency fluctuations. During sleep, neurons oscillate between -̃ on-™ periods, when they fire as in an awake brain, and -̃ off-™ periods, when they stop firing altogether and the EEG displays high-amplitude slow waves. However, what happens to neuronal firing after a long period of being awake is not known. Here we show that in freely behaving rats after a long period in an awake state, cortical neurons can go briefly -̃ offline-™ as in sleep, accompanied by slow waves in the local EEG. Neurons often go offline in one cortical area but not in another, and during these periods of -̃ local sleep-™, the incidence of which increases with the duration of the awake state, rats are active and display an -̃ awake-™ EEG. However, they are progressively impaired in a sugar pellet reaching task. Thus, although both the EEG and behaviour indicate wakefulness, local populations of neurons in the cortex may be falling asleep, with negative consequences for performance. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.