The use of variance in enzyme activity as an indicator of long-term exposure to toxicant-stressed environments in culex pipiens mosquitoes

Abstract

1. The identification of easy to use and cheap biomarkers is important as a means of determining whether animals are developing under stressful environmental conditions. Previous studies have indicated that the variance about the mean esterase activity in toxic environments increases in the absence of a significant shift in the mean value, suggesting that variance levels may have potential as a biomarker of toxicant-stressed or otherwise stressful environments. 2. Several field and laboratory populations of the mosquito, Culex pipiens, were examined for esterase activities using a colorimetric assay and levels of polymorphism using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Some of these populations had been exposed to environmental toxicants (organophosphorus (OP) insecticides). 3. The OP-stressed field population had lower levels of polymorphism as indicated by fewer electromorphs than the populations that had not been exposed to OPs. However, the mean level of esterase activity was higher in the OP-stressed populations. 4. Despite having lower genetic variation, the OP-stressed populations showed much higher levels of variation about the mean enzyme activity, at least two orders of magnitude higher, than the unstressed populations. Knowledge of the genetics of OP resistance in these populations confirmed that the increase in variance was not due to the general switching on of genes in response to stress. 5. One field population that had been exposed to heavy metal pollution had similar levels of esterase activity and variation about the mean as the unstressed populations, suggesting that variation only increases in characters directly affected by the environmental pollutant. 6. The probable factors causing the increase in variance and the potential of this type of variation as a biomarker of stressful environments are discussed.