How Does E-mail-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Work for Young Adults (18–28 Years) with Insomnia? Mediators of Changes in Insomnia, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress

Abstract

This study examined whether cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for insomnia (CBT-I) improved insomnia severity, by changing sleep-related mediating factors. It also examined whether an improvement in insomnia led to enhanced mental health. This study was a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial of e-mail-delivered CBT-I for young adults with insomnia. The participants were randomized to either CBT-I or self-monitoring. The mental health-related measures were depression, anxiety, and stress. The sleep-related mediating factors were sleep hygiene practices, dysfunctional beliefs, sleep reactivity, and pre-sleep arousal. A total of 41 participants, who completed all the sessions (71% females; mean age 19.71 ± 1.98 years), were included in the analysis. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that 53% of the variance in the improvements in insomnia severity was explained by the treatment group (β = −0.53; ∆R2 = 0.25; p < 0.01) and the changes in sleep reactivity (β = 0.39; ∆R2 = 0.28; p < 0.05). Moreover, the mediation analysis showed that the reductions in depression and stress were explained by the changes in insomnia severity; however, anxiety symptoms were not reduced. CBT-I for young adults suggested that sleep reactivity is a significant mediator that reduces insomnia severity, and that the alleviation and prevention of depression and stress would occur with the improvement in insomnia.