Alternative Raw Materials for Pulp and Paper Production in the Concept of a Lignocellulosic Biorefinery

Abstract

The main source of cellulosic fibre used for pulp and paper production comes from wood, while non-wood fibres are used to a lesser extent. However, a renewed interest exists in the use of non-woody raw materials due to their abundance as source of low-cost fibres and because they are sometimes the only exploitable source of fibres in certain geographical areas, mainly in developing countries. Moreover, the great variety of characteristics, fibre dimensions and chemical composition of these alternative raw materials give them a great potential to produce different types of papers. On the other hand, the pulp and paper industry is an excellent starting point for the development of lignocellulosic biorefineries, possessing the necessary technology and infrastructure as well as extensive experience in lignocellulosic biomass transformation. Since its beginnings, the pulp and paper industry has been practicing certain aspects of the biorefinery concept, generating the energy necessary for the production of cellulosic pulp from the combustion of lignocellulosic waste and black liquors, recovering the chemical reagents used and generating high value-added products (e.g. tall oil) together with cellulosic pulp. However, the evolution of the pulp and paper industry to a lignocellulosic biore-finery requires technological innovations to make bioenergy and new bioproducts available alongside traditional products.