Association of sleep behaviors, insulin resistance surrogates, and the risk of hypertension in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the association between midday napping, combined sleep quality, and insulin resistance surrogates and the risk of hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the risk of hypertension. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were grouped as categorical variables and unpaired two-sided Student’s t-test and Spearman correlation analysis were performed to estimate the association between different blood pressure levels and insulin resistance surrogates. Results: The overall prevalence rate of hypertension was 50%. Age (OR = 1.056, 95% CI:1.044–1.068), poor sleep quality (OR = 1.959, 95% CI:1.393–2.755), hyperlipidemia (OR = 1.821, 95% CI:1.462–2.369), family history of hypertension (OR = 2.811, 95% CI:2.261–3.495), and obesity (OR = 5.515, 95% CI:1.384–21.971) were significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension. Midday napping for 1–30 min was negatively correlated with the risk of hypertension (OR = 0.534, 95% CI:0.305–0.936, P <0.05). Conclusion: Poor sleep quality and obesity are independent risk factors for hypertension. Midday napping (1–30 min) is associated with a decreased risk of hypertension in patients with T2DM.