Behind the Cane: A Systematic Review of Corporal Punishment Among Children in Malaysia

Abstract

Objective: This systematic review examines the risk and protective factors associated with corporal punishment in Malaysian homes and schools and its impact on children. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO identified studies from 2014 onward. Inclusion criteria focused on quantitative studies involving Malaysian children aged 0–18 years, reporting outcomes related to corporal punishment. Data extraction adhered to PRISMA guidelines, with methodological rigor assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute and Cambridge Quality Checklists. Results: Socioeconomic stress and cultural beliefs emerged as significant risk factors, particularly in rural areas. Protective factors such as parental education and emotional regulation training were associated with reduced corporal punishment. Younger children and boys were found to be more vulnerable to adverse outcomes, including anxiety, depression, and aggression. Conclusion: Addressing socioeconomic pressures and challenging entrenched cultural norms through targeted, culturally sensitive interventions is essential. Policies promoting positive parenting and non-punitive discipline are crucial to protecting children’s well-being in Malaysia.