Childhood adversities and depression according to sexual orientation and gender identity among university students in Chile

Abstract

Childhood adversities (CA) are a recognized risk factor for depression. However, research on how these adversities differ based on sexual orientation and gender identity remains limited. This study aimed to examine differences in the type, number, and frequency of CA and analyze their association with depression according to sexual orientation and gender identity among university students in Chile. A total of 7213 first-year students (34 % lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning and other diverse sexual orientations and gender identities [LGBTQ+], aged 18–30) from five Chilean universities completed an online survey assessing seven types of adversity experienced before age 18 and the occurrence of 12-month major depressive episode (MDE). Regression models were employed for the analyses. LGBTQ+ students reported significantly more types, a higher number, and a greater frequency of CA compared to heterosexual/cisgender students. No significant differences were found between the groups regarding the associations between the type or number of CA and the occurrence of 12-month MDE. However, a significant group difference emerged concerning the frequency of CA. A greater frequency of CA was associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing 12-month MDE across both groups. Notably, LGBTQ+ students exhibited a higher proportion of 12-month MDE, even with no reported CA; this difference diminished and disappeared as the frequency of CA increased. CA are highly prevalent among LGBTQ+ individuals and are associated with depression in both LGBTQ+ and heterosexual/cisgender university students. These findings underscore the urgent need for interventions to prevent exposure to CA and mitigate their detrimental effects.