NADIE SE SALVA SOLO

Abstract

This article offers a critical examination of Ezequiel Spector’s theory of freedom as social cooperation (LCS). The author acknowledges the book’s achievement in reconnecting political liberalism with the view that freedom is not an individual attribute but a quality that emerges within cooperative social frameworks. However, the article argues that LCS, in its current formulation, is insufficient to ground a robust political community. It identifies three core limitations: (1) the absence of a substantive theory of democratic self-government that understands freedom not as a systemic attribute, but as active participation in shaping the common order; (2) a radical commitment to state neutrality, which deprives the state of the symbolic resources necessary to foster political cohesion; and (3) an instrumental conception of social justice, overly reliant on the rational self-interest of contributors, lacking a civic ethic of mutual recognition and reciprocity. The article concludes that a theory of freedom suited for pluralistic and unequal societies must complement functional cooperation with shared symbolic bonds and a deeper political commitment.