Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Aspirin for Primary Cardiovascular Prevention in Asian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based and Propensity Score-Matched Study

Abstract

The risk of developing cardiovascular disease is significantly higher for individuals with diabetes compared to those without. Aspirin has been widely used for primary prevention in diabetic patients. However, evidence is limited in the Asian population. We aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety of aspirin versus placebo for primary cardiovascular prevention in the Asian population with type 2 diabetes. In this study, we performed propensity score matching with non-aspirin users from January 2006 to December 2015 (n = 37,095 in each group after matching, PSM). We analyzed the incidence risk of all-cause mortality, composite cardiovascular events, and hospitalized major bleeding. The propensity score-matched (PSM) cohort of patients who received aspirin within one year of diabetes diagnosis was compared with the non-aspirin diabetic (DM) cohort. Baseline characteristics were balanced between the two groups. The median follow-up duration was 78 months. Aspirin users exhibited a slightly but significantly lower rate of all-cause mortality (HR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.87 to 0.96). However, they also had a significantly higher composite cardiovascular risk (HR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.28–1.40), including non-fatal acute myocardial infarction (HR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.50), non-fatal ischemic stroke (HR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.30 to 1.45), heart failure (HR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.27), and coronary revascularization (HR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.73 to 2.17). Aspirin users also faced a significantly higher risk of hospitalized major bleeding (HR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.14). The presence of one or more additional risk factors did not influence the effectiveness and safety outcomes of aspirin, according to stratified analysis. In conclusion, in this real-world Asian diabetic population, aspirin was associated with a significantly lower mortality risk but also with higher risks of cardiovascular events and hospitalized bleeding. Aspirin may not play a role in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in such patients, regardless of additional risk factors.