Organic reactions catalyzed by emerging bimetallic and hybrid metal oxide nanostructures: recent advances

Abstract

Research interests rapidly growing towards nanocatalysis, bimetallic nanostructures and hybrid metal oxide nanostructures (BMNs & HMOs) plays a pivotal role in organic reactions. Metal–metal interaction shows unique selectivities, activities, and holds an improved stability in comparison to monometallic nanostructures. In this review, the newly emerging BMNs & HMOs and their applications in C–C coupling/photocatalytic, oxidation, reduction, asymmetric, micelle, A3 multi-component, C-H activation, Click reaction, Supramolecular/C-N coupling, Knoevenagel condensation reactions C-O bond cleavage, C-S Cross coupling, desulfurination, cycloaddition and organochalcogenides reactions have been discussed. The novelty of this review is to adhere to metallic catalysts for distinct organic transformations, particularly BMNs & HMOs catalysts, which are more valuable in organic reactions, enabling easy monometallic and single oxide-based catalysts because they have longer stability, efficiency, high selectivity, and yield. Incorporation of a second metal into the nanostructure, alterations in the geometry of the catalyst's active site, charge transfer, and synergistic effect between the two metals, and the use of a hybrid catalyst increase substrate conversion and desired products. Finally, we provide future perspectives and discuss different catalysts under different conditions, which will inspire the readers to evaluate the better ones. This indicates BMNs & HMOs have tremendous future potential in catalyzing multitude of organic reactions.