Are All Readmissions Bad Readmissions?

Abstract

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) view readmission for any reason after an index hospitalization for heart failure as a sign of poor quality of care. “From the patient perspective, readmission from any cause is an adverse event.”1 Little consideration has been given, however, to a potential association between readmissions and mortality, an outcome that is of primary interest to medical professionals and the general public. Figure 1. Comparison of Risk-Adjusted Hospital Readmission Rates and Mortality Rates 30 Days after an Index Admission for Heart Failure. We examined the association between risk-adjusted readmission and risk-adjusted death within 30 days after hospitalization for heart failure among 3857 hospitals included in the CMS Hospital Compare public reporting database (www.hospitalcompare.hhs.gov. opens in new tab) that had no missing data. We used linear regression analysis with restricted cubic splines2 (piecewise smoothing polynomials) (Figure 1). Analysis was performed with the use of R, version 2.10.1 (www.r-project.org. opens in new tab), and Harrell's Hmisc library. A higher occurrence of readmissions after index admissions for heart failure was associated with lower risk-adjusted 30-day mortality. Our findings suggest that readmissions could be “adversely” affected by a competing risk3 of death — a patient who dies during the index episode of care can never be readmitted. Hence, if a hospital has a lower mortality rate, then a greater proportion of its discharged patients are eligible for readmission. As such, to some extent, a higher readmission rate may be a consequence of successful care. Furthermore, planned readmissions for procedures or surgery may represent appropriate care that decreases the risk of death, but this is not accounted for in Hospital Compare. These observations are consistent with a recent study of 3999 Medicare beneficiaries in California who were hospitalized at various hospitals with a principal diagnosis of heart failure. Hospitals that used more resources had lower mortality rates.4 It is unclear why the relation between 30-day readmissions and 30-day mortality was flat among hospitals with the lowest readmission rates (Figure 1). We speculate that this has to do with variations in hospital characteristics between hospitals with low readmission rates versus those with high readmission rates or in hospitals' approaches to the performance of various predischarge and postdischarge processes. This needs to be investigated further in more robust CMS data sets. Are all readmissions bad readmissions? Is the rate of readmission for any reason 30 days after hospitalization the most appropriate index of poor quality of care? We believe that a nuanced interpretation of the CMS Hospital Compare data is in order.