Resilient and Repairable Perovskite Photovoltaics for Extreme Environments

Abstract

Perovskite photovoltaics (PVs) have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation solar energy technologies owing to their high-power conversion efficiency and facile processability. However, their real-world deployment is hindered by intrinsic fragility and vulnerability to environmental stressors, particularly under extreme conditions involving moisture, thermal fluctuations, intense illumination, and mechanical strain. This review highlights recent advances in designing resilient PVs, with emphasis on stability mechanisms and engineering strategies under harsh environments. We discuss degradation pathways driven by moisture, heat, light, and stress, followed by progress in interfacial engineering, lattice regulation, compositional tuning, and encapsulation. Emerging approaches such as defect passivation, flexible architectures, and adaptive protective layers are highlighted for their potential to enhance resilience. We also outline how in situ characterization and theoretical modeling provide insights into degradation kinetics and guide stability design. Finally, key challenges and opportunities are proposed for achieving durable, reliable, and scalable perovskite PVs for practical long-term applications.