Past and present ecological distribution of the redbilled oxpecker ( Buphagus erythrorhynchus) in South Africa ( Rhipicephalus appendiculatus).

Abstract

Distribution is determined by the distribution of its preferred prey species Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, B. erythrorhynchus survives in Natal and Transvaal in game reserves, on cattle farms with large game populations and in areas with undipped cattle. The decline in numbers is largely attributed to the unavailability of the preferred prey of acarine ticks that followed the decline of the symbiont species coupled with eating poisoned prey owing to widespread use of acaricides.-from Author