Viral nervous necrosis (VNN): A short review

Abstract

Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) caused by betanodaviruses (Nodaviridae) was first described in 1990 in Japan and Australia, and has since caused high mortality in a variety of hatcheryreared or cultured marine fishes, worldwide. Tons and tons of paper on VNN and related subjects have been published in almost a quarter century. Current knowledge on the disease and causative virus accumulated through these studies has led to the development of many useful diagnostic and control methods in addition to virological new findings.