Functional Validation of a New Alginate-based Hydrogel Scaffold Combined with Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Hard Palate Cleft Model

Abstract

Background: One of the major difficulties in cleft palate repair is the requirement for several surgical procedures and autologous bone grafting to form a bony bridge across the cleft defect. Engineered tissue, composed of a biomaterial scaffold and multipotent stem cells, may be a useful alternative for minimizing the non-negligible risk of donor site morbidity. The present study was designed to confirm the healing and osteogenic properties of a novel alginate-based hydrogel in palate repair. Methods: Matrix constructs, seeded with allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) or not, were incorporated into a surgically created, critical-sized cleft palate defect in the rat. Control with no scaffold was also tested. Bone formation was assessed using microcomputed tomography at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12 and a histologic analysis at week 12. Results: At 12 weeks, the proportion of bone filling associated with the use of hydrogel scaffold alone did not differ significantly from the values observed in the scaffold-free experiment (61.01% ± 5.288% versus 36.91% ± 5.132%; p = 0.1620). The addition of BM-MSCs stimulated bone formation not only at the margin of the defect but also in the center of the implant. Conclusions: In a relevant in vivo model of cleft palate in the rat, we confirmed the alginate-based hydrogel's biocompatibility and real advantages for tissue healing. Addition of BM-MSCs stimulated bone formation in the center of the implant, demonstrating the new biomaterial's potential for use as a bone substitute grafting material for cleft palate repair.