Combating Excessive Eating: A Role for Four Evidence-Based Remedies

Abstract

Objective:: The aim of this study is to review the control of energy balance and outline some causes of and remedies for excessive energy intake. Methods:: A narrative review was conducted. Results:: There is negative feedback control of energy intake and body weight, but, nonetheless, energy intake is only loosely coupled with energy expenditure. Consequently, we are vulnerable to eating in excess of energy requirements. In this context, energy density, portion size, and habitual meal patterns have strong influences on energy intake and, accordingly, can be targeted to reduce energy intake. For example, energy density can be reduced without much affecting food reward (approximately the pleasure gained from eating) because their relationship is such that reward value is affected relatively little by increments in energy density above 1.5 kcal/g. This and other strategies that increase reward per calorie eaten may be superior to increasing the satiety effect of products because fullness is not inherently rewarding. Low-calorie sweeteners provide a means to reduce energy density while largely preserving food or beverage reward value. Consistent with this, consumption of low-calorie sweeteners compared with consumption of sugars has been found to reduce energy intake and body weight. Conclusions:: Understanding what causes excessive eating also provides insights into how to combat this problem.