Cryogen-free one hundred microkelvin refrigerator

Abstract

A temperature below 100 μK is achieved in a customized cryogen-free dilution refrigerator with a copper-nuclear demagnetization stage. The lowest temperature of conduction electrons of the demagnetization stage is below 100 μK as measured by using a pulsed platinum nuclear magnetic resonance thermometer, and the temperature can remain below 100 μK for over 10 h. A demagnetization magnetic field of up to 9 T and a research magnetic field of up to 12 T can be controlled independently, provided by a coaxial room-temperature-bore cryogen-free magnet.