Monkeypox cases: Emerging infectious disease, risk factors and diagnosis

Abstract

Emerging viral disease is a public health concern, with potential hazard for human, animal and environmental health. Forty years ago, after the eradication of smallpox in Nigeria, emerging zoonotic Orthopoxviruses such as monkeypox viruses continue to infect human together with wild and domestic animals. Currently, the geographical distribution of monkeypox virus in a wide range of host’s worldwide raises major concerns regarding the possibility of outbreak from endemic regions to non-endemic regions. A systematic literature review was conducted in PubMed and Google scholar databases using the search terms: monkeypox, endemc region, non-endemic region and risk factors. Here, we review the global host ranges and current epidemiological surveillance. It reveals the immigrants’ influx from viral dissemination regions to new geographical regions is the one of the risk factors that attributes to recent outbreak of monkeypox cases worldwide. In addition, the most of individuals below forty years in Nigeria come down with monkeypox cases because they lack protective immune coverage within the communities.