The Correlation Among Air Pollution Exposure to Incidence of Under-Five Pneumonia in Jakarta Province 2017-2019

Abstract

Jakarta’s air pollution has increased every year. Moreover, it has contributed significantly to the incidence of under-five pneumonia. This cases among children in Jakarta in 2018 reached 42,305 with 95.53% case finding. This study analyzes the air pollution and the under-five pneumonia in Jakarta from 2017-2019. It’s designed using ecological analysis of time trends and association proximity analysis using Pearson (parametric) and Spearman (non-parametric) correlation tests. Pollutant Standard Index data is collected by calculating the monthly average, while pneumonia data is based on the monthly incidence of under-five pneumonia. We found that pneumonia in five cities is higher at the beginning (January-April) and lower in the middle to the end of the year (May-December). PM10 was statistically significantly associated with pneumonia in all administrative cities (Central Jakarta P=.016; North Jakarta P=.025; West Jakarta P=.005; South Jakarta P=.000; East Jakarta P=.014). Besides, other air pollutant parameters that have an association with the incidence of pneumonia are CO in Central Jakarta (P=.022), O3 in North Jakarta (P=.016), and South Jakarta (P=.001), and East Jakarta (P=.002). The three air pollutant parameters correlated with the incidence of pneumonia briefly are PM10 (P=.000), CO (P=.005), and O3 (P=.000). In conclusion, PM10, CO, and NO2 have been linked to under-five pneumonia in Jakarta. Exposure to air pollution with the incidence of under-five pneumonia occurs due to low immunity. These findings support the rationale that further limiting PM10, CO, and O3 concentrations in Jakarta may be an effective strategy to reduce the incidence of under-five pneumonia.