Game-Based Warm-Up Activities to Enhance Learning Motivation in Physical Education for Elementary School Students

Abstract

Warm-up activities in physical education classes are often conducted in repetitive and less engaging ways, which may reduce students’ enthusiasm before entering the main lesson. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a gamebased warm-up model designed specifically for elementary school students. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate). The development process began with a needs analysis through classroom observation and interviews with teachers and students. The product was then designed and validated by experts before being tested in small- and large-scale trials involving 61 elementary students. Data were collected through observation sheets, interviews, expert validation forms, and student questionnaires. The instrument reliability coefficient reached 0.85 (Cronbach’s Alpha), indicating high internal consistency. The final product consisted of six traditional game-based warm-up activities. Expert validation and field testing results indicated that the model met feasibility standards, with overall ratings categorized as “Good” to “Very Good.” The findings suggest that integrating structured traditional games into warm-up sessions can increase students’ motivation, participation, and readiness for physical education learning.