Additive manufacturing of hydrogel-based materials for next-generation implantable medical devices

Abstract

Implantablemicrodevices often have static components rather thanmoving parts and exhibit limited biocompatibility. This paper demonstrates a fast manufacturing method that can produce features in biocompatiblematerials down to tens ofmicrometers in scale, with intricate and composite patterns in each layer. By exploiting the uniquemechanical properties of hydrogels, we developed a "locking mechanism" for precise actuation and movement of freely moving parts, which can provide functions such as valves, manifolds, rotors, pumps, and delivery of payloads. Hydrogel components could be tuned within a wide range of mechanical and diffusive properties and can be controlled after implantation without a sustained power supply. In a mousemodel of osteosarcoma, triggering of release of doxorubicin from the device over 10 days showed high treatment efficacy and low toxicity, at1/10 of the standard systemic chemotherapy dose. Overall, this platform, called implantable microelectromechanical systems (iMEMS), enables development of biocompatible implantable microdevices with a wide range of intricate moving components that can be wirelessly controlled on demand, in a manner that solves issues of device powering and biocompatibility.