The role of gut microbiota and its metabolites in obesity and diabetes

Abstract

The gut microbiota is an essential component of the proper functioning of the human body, as gut microorganisms and their metabolites strongly influence the host’s metabolism and immune functions. They also contribute to the biosynthesis of vitamins, production of gut hormones, maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity, protection against pathogens, as well as digestion and absorption of nutrients. There is increasing emphasis on the relationship between disturbances in gut microbiota composition and the onset of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Understanding the significance of the microbiota in the course of these diseases, its composition, and activity may offer new approaches to their treatment. Increasing attention is being paid to individual species of gut bacteria, among which Akkermansia muciniphila holds a special position. A decreased number of this commensal bacterium in the gut is associated with many diseases, including obesity and diabetes.