Type 1 Diabetes and Beta Cells

Abstract

This book chapter provides an overview of Type 1 diabetes, focusing on the role of beta cells, autoimmunity, genetics, environmental factors, and beta cell health. While genetic factors are also important, environmental factors such as viral infections and dietary factors may trigger or accelerate the development of Type 1 diabetes. Maintaining beta cell health is essential for the prevention and management of Type 1 diabetes. Factors such as glucose toxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation can contribute to beta cell dysfunction and death. The chapter discusses the transplantation of islet cells both primary and stem cell-derived to treat diabetes. The chapter also outlines the stages of Type 1 diabetes development, starting with the pre-symptomatic stage and progressing to the onset of symptoms, the clinical diagnosis, and the eventual need for insulin therapy. Supporting hormones, such as insulin, glucagon, amylin, somatostatin, and incretin hormones, play critical roles in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Finally, the chapter highlights the effect of food on beta cell health and the effect of various drugs and medications used to manage diabetes.