Room-Temperature Partial Conversion of α-FAPbI3 Perovskite Phase via PbI2 Solvation Enables High-Performance Solar Cells

Abstract

The two-step conversion process consisting of metal halide deposition followed by conversion to hybrid perovskite has been successfully applied toward producing high-quality solar cells of the archetypal MAPbI3 hybrid perovskite, but the conversion of other halide perovskites, such as the lower bandgap FAPbI3, is more challenging and tends to be hampered by the formation of hexagonal nonperovskite polymorph of FAPbI3, requiring Cs addition and/or extensive thermal annealing. Here, an efficient room-temperature conversion route of PbI2 into the α-FAPbI3 perovskite phase without the use of cesium is demonstrated. Using in situ grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), the conversion behaviors of the PbI2 precursor from its different states are compared. α-FAPbI3 forms spontaneously and efficiently at room temperature from P2 (ordered solvated polymorphs with DMF) without hexagonal phase formation and leads to complete conversion after thermal annealing. The average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the fabricated solar cells is greatly improved from 16.0(±0.32)% (conversion from annealed PbI2) to 17.23(±0.28)% (from solvated PbI2) with a champion device PCE > 18% due to reduction of carrier recombination rate. This work provides new design rules toward the room-temperature phase transformation and processing of hybrid perovskite films based on FA+ cation without the need for Cs+ or mixed halide formulation.