How Complex Is a Fractal? Head/tail Breaks and Fractional Hierarchy

Abstract

A fractal bears a complex structure that is reflected in a scaling hierarchy, indicating that there are far more small things than large ones. This scaling hierarchy can be effectively derived using head/tail breaks—a clustering and visualization tool for data with a heavy-tailed distribution—and quantified by a head/tail breaks-induced integer, called ht-index, indicating the number of clusters or hierarchical levels. However, this integral ht-index has been found to be less precise for many fractals at their different phrases of development. This paper refines the ht-index as a fraction to measure the scaling hierarchy of a fractal more precisely within a coherent whole and further assigns a fractional ht-index—the fht-index—to an individual data value of a data series that represents the fractal. We developed two case studies to demonstrate the advantages of the fht-index, in comparison with the ht-index. We found that the fractional ht-index or fractional hierarchy in general can help characterize a fractal set or pattern in a much more precise manner. The index may help create intermediate map scales between two consecutive map scales.