The evaluation of gamification implementation for adult learners: A scale development study based on andragogical principles

Abstract

This study utilised scale development analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of gamification based on Knowles' andragogical principle in facilitating online learning for adult students. An exploratory sequential mixed-method research design was employed, incorporating interviews and field notes to gather qualitative data for scale construction. The Gamification for Adult Questionnaires (GAQ) scale was developed via questionnaires and analysed quantitatively. The thematic analysis of qualitative interviews revealed 23 sub-themes based on the five main andragogical principles used as a foundation for the quantitative analysis scales. Initially, 47 items were constructed, but five items with low communalities were excluded and an EFA with varimax rotation was performed on the remaining 42 items. The KMO and Bartlett test yielded a satisfactory value of 0.90 Williams et al. (2010). The Chi-square test (Bartlett's method) resulted in a significant sphericity level of p