Integrating Passive and Active Strategies: A Conceptual Framework for Building Energy Efficiency in Higher Education Institutions

Abstract

Facility management in higher education institutions face the challenge of improving building energy efficiency due to the large size and high energy demand. In Malaysia, polytechnics confront additional challenges of operating on ageing building and limited operational budgets. Existing approaches in operation and maintenance and energy monitoring remain fragmented which hindering energy efficiency efforts. This paper introduces a proposed framework to measure building energy efficiency among Malaysian polytechnics using passive and active parameters while supported by technologies. Passive parameters include building orientation, natural ventilation, daylighting, and building envelope, while active parameters are HVAC and lighting systems. The framework is systematically strengthened by the adaptation of Technology-Organization-Environment framework, Six Sigma and Business Process Redesign principles. Research Methodology used is mixed method that combining questionnaire surveys and case studies of identified Malaysian polytechnics. Findings from this study will assist facility managers and policymakers to optimise energy monitoring protocols and drive operational decisions making towards sustainable facility management practices aligned with national and international goals.