Associations between hyperopia and others refractive and visual errors in children

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the associations of hyperopia with amblyopia, strabismus, anisometropia and astigmatism. Methods: Hyperopia was classified: Group 1: greater than or equal to + 5.00D; Group 2: greater than + 3.25D to + 5.00D and lower difference in equivalent spherical greater than or equal to 0.50D; Group 3: high + 3.25D to + 5.00D and smaller than a difference of less than 0.50D spherical equivalent and group 4: more spherical equivalent and equal to + 2.00D. Results: The presence of greater and equal to hyperopia + 2.00D SE was associated with a significantly larger proportion of children with amblyopia (27.2 vs. 14.8%, OR = 2.150, p<0.001) and strabismus (70.8 vs. 39.3%, OR = 3.758, p<0.0001. The presence of hyperopia was also associated with a significantly greater proportion of anisometropia in groups with higher hyperopia and equal to SE +2:00 (29.1 vs. 9.9%, OR = 3.708, p<0.0001) and astigmatism (24 vs. 9.9%, OR = 2.859 p<0.0001). Conclusion: The presence and magnitude of hyperopia among children were associated with a higher proportion of refractive and visual errors such as strabismus, amblyopia, astigmatism and anisometropia.