Betel-quid dependence and oral potentially malignant disorders in six Asian countries

Abstract

Background Despite gradual understanding of the multidimensional health consequences of betel-quid chewing, information on the effects of dependent use is scant. Aims To investigate the 12-month prevalence patterns of betelquid dependence in six Asian populations and the impact of this dependence on oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). Method A multistage random sample of 8922 participants was recruited from Taiwan, mainland China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Nepal. Participants were evaluated for betelquid dependency using DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria and assessed clinically for oral mucosal lesions. Results The 12-month prevalence of dependence was 2.8-39.2% across the six Asian samples, and 20.9-99.6% of those who chewed betel-quid were betel-quid dependent. Men dominated the prevalence among the east Asian samples and women dominated the prevalence in south-east Asian samples. 'Time spent chewing' and 'craving' were the central dependence domains endorsed by the Chinese and southern/south-east Asian samples respectively, whereas the Nepalese samples endorsed 'tolerance' and 'withdrawal'. Dependency was linked to age, gender, schooling years, drinking, smoking, tobacco-added betel-quid use and environmental accessibility of betel-quid. Compared with non-users, those with betel-quid dependency had higher pre-neoplastic risks (adjusted odds ratios 8.0-51.3) than people with non-dependent betel-quid use (adjusted odds ratio 4.5-5.9) in the six Asian populations. Conclusions By elucidating differences in domain-level symptoms of betelquid dependency and individual and environmental factors, this study draws attention to the population-level psychiatric problems of betel-quid chewing that undermine health consequences for OPMD in six Asian communities.