Diagnostics in lithium-ion batteries: Challenging issues and recent achievements

Abstract

This paper highlights some of the issues which have made diagnostics of Lithiumion (Li-ion) battery energy storage systems very challenging from the both chemical and control engineering perspectives. The application of standard observers, Kalman, and particle filters in state estimation of Li-ion batteries are fully reviewed. Recent achievements in this field, pros and cons of various approaches, and future direction for research are outlined.