Pandemic preparedness of Egyptian community pharmacists and potential facilitators to the successful implementation of a community pharmacy coronavirus disease 2019 referral service: A cross-sectional survey

Abstract

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in an increased need for essential community services including new roles for pharmacists. Globally, community pharmacists are a highly accessible point of contact for referral. Objective: To assess the preparedness of and facilitators to community pharmacists referring patients with suspected COVID-19 symptoms for testing. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered using a structured questionnaire to 1023 pharmacists (one respondent in each pharmacy) in Egypt between 17 and 30 May 2020. Results: Pharmacists who had received pandemic referral training were significantly more familiar with the referral system in comparison to those who had not (n = 180; 17.6% vs. n = 841; 82.4%, P =. 014). Case referral was significantly associated with the referrer (n = 161, 15.8%), demographics of region (P =. 001), graduation year (P =. 035), and gender (P =. 015). The vast majority of respondents identified facilitators to referring, namely university-level teaching (n = 984, 96.7%), continuing professional development (n = 958, 94.3%), smartphone app (n = 809, 80.5%) or telephone hotline (n = 933, 91.5%), IT access (n = 861, 84.7%), and managing patients' attitudes through the media in terms of the importance of declaring symptoms to (n = 998, 97.7%) and cooperating with (n = 977, 96.2%) referrers. Conclusions: Pharmacists' lack of preparedness to engage with the referral process and related roles contributing to tracking the national COVID-19 infection rate could be mitigated by the provision of facilitators suggested by respondents. These included improved cooperation from local healthcare authorities, educational interventions, technological solutions, and the use of the media. Demographics associated with pharmacists' attitudes to referral, and hence the reliability and validity of the national infection rate, demand further investigation.