Dose-Response Relationship between Perceived Control and Depression in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: A Multicenter and Cross-sectional Study

Abstract

Background Little is known regarding the relationship between perceived control and depression in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), particularly in terms of their dose-response relationship. Objective The aim of this study was to explore this relationship based on linear and nonlinear hypotheses and potential subgroup differences in patients with CHF. Methods A total of 308 patients with CHF were included in the study. Data on perceived control, depression, and relevant covariates, such as gender, age, New York Heart Association classification, and comorbidity burden, were collected. Logistic regression, Spearman correlation, and restricted cubic spline analysis were used for data analysis. Results Compared with the patients in the first quartiles of perceived control scores (0-16), those in the other 3 quartiles had a lower risk of depression (odds ratios of 0.29, 0.21, and 0.20, respectively; P