An Integrated View: Neuroadipocrinology of Diabesity

Abstract

Today’s achievements in systems biology and -omics sciences have facilitated a shift from studying individual molecules and tissues to characterising molecules and cells holistically. In this article, we attempt to discuss the status of a much-needed coherent view that integrates studies on neurobiology and adipobiology, as well as those on diabetes and obesity. Globally, cardiometabolic diseases (atherosclerosis, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, diabesity, and metabolic syndrome) are the most prevalent pathologies. In 2000, Astrup and Finer (Obes Rev 1: 57-59) wrote the following: “Since type 2 diabetes is obesity dependent, and obesity is the main aetiogical cause of type 2 diabetes, we propose the term ‘diabesity’ should be adopted.” Arguably, the research field of adipobiology has witnessed three major paradigm shifts since the discovery of leptin, an adipose-derived hormone, in 1994. Various neuroendocrine and neurotrophic factors are included in the growing list of endocrine and paracrine adipose-secreted signaling proteins collectively designated adipokines. These findings open a novel field of research known as neuroadipocrinology, a component of neuroendocrinology. Adipokines, including nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), mediate multiple biological processes, such as food intake, immunity, inflammation, memory, mood, and metabolism. The effects on metabolism involve the maintenance of glucose, lipid and energy homeostasis as well as cardioprotection, neuroprotection, and aging. In this article, we highlight the role of metabotrophic factors (MTF) and the adipose- and nonadipose-derived biomolecules that mediate these effects. Recent results demonstrate that circulating and tissue levels of certain MTFs, e.g., adiponectin, NGF, BDNF, glucagon-like protein-1, sirtuin-1, interleukin- 10, and aquaporin-7, are altered in cardiometabolic diseases, including diabesity. Overall, this may cultivate a novel thinking for diabesity, herein also referred to as Homo diabesus.Današnja dostignuća u biologiji sistema i povezanim biološkim naukama omogućila su prelazak sa proučavanja pojedinačnog molekula i tkiva na holistički prikaz molekula i ćelija. Ovde pokušavamo da objasnimo koherentan prikaz koji integriše studije neurobiologije i adipobiologije, kao i one o dijabetesu i gojaznosti. Uopšteno, kardiometaboličke bolesti (ateroskleroza, hipertenzija, dijabetes melitus tip 2, gojaznost, diabesity (dijabetes melitus tip 2 udružen sa gojaznošću), i metabolički sindrom) predstavljaju najčešća oboljenja današnjice. 2000. godine Astrup i Finer (Obes Rev 1: 57-59) su napisali : “Obzirom da dijabetes melitus tip 2 zavisi od gojaznosti, a gojaznost je glavni etiološki uzrok dijabetesa tip 2, predlažemo da se termin ‘diabesity’ usvoji.” Verovatno je polje istraživanja adipobiologije svedočilo o tri velike promene od otkrića leptina, hormona adipoznog porekla, 1994.godine. Različiti neuroendokrini i neurotrofični faktori su takođe bili uključeni u povećanje liste endokrinih i parakrinih signalnih proteina sekretovanih od strane adipocita koji zajedno čine adipokine. Ovi nalazi otvaraju novu oblast istraživanja, neuroadipokrinologiju, deo neuroendokrinologije. Adipokini, uključujući faktor rasta nerava (NGF) i neurotrofični faktor poreklom iz mozga (BDNF), posreduju u višestrukim biološkim procesima kao što su unos hrane, imunitet, inflamacija, pamćenje, raspoloženje i metaboliza. Efekti na metabolizam uključuju održavanje glukoze, lipida i energetske homeostaze, kao i kardioprotekciju, neuroprotekciju i starenje. Ovde izdvajamo ulogu metabotropnog faktora (MTF), biomolekula poreklom iz masti, kao i biomolekula koji ne vode poreklo iz masti, koji posreduju ove efekte. Nedavni rezultati pokazuju da se cirkulišući i/ili tkivni nivoi nekog MTF, na primer adiponektin, NGF, BDNF, glukagonu sličan protein-1, sirtuin- 1, interleukin- 10, akvaporin-7, menjaju u kardiometaboličkim bolestima, uključujući diabesity. Uopšteno, ovo može otvoriti nov pristup u razmišljanju o dijabetesu tip 2 udruženim sa gojaznošću, koji se takođe ovde označava kao i Homo diabesus.