Maternal overweight and obesity and its associated factors and outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and HIV-uninfected black South African pregnant women

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to investigate various variables between maternal overweight and/or obesity versus normal-weight pregnant black South African women living with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed. A total of 200 pregnant women were enrolled in the study, categorized according to body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) into two groups: (1) overweight/obese (≥25 kg/m2) (n = 97); and (2) nonoverweight/nonobese (<25 kg/m2) (n = 103), where 90 were HIV-infected and 110 were HIV-uninfected. The differences between the maternal BMI categories were assessed using Fisher's exact t-test and the χ2 test. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with maternal overweight and obesity. Results: Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that maternal age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.061; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.008–1.117; p = 0.023) and gestational age (OR: 1.121; 95% CI 1.005–1.251; p = 0.041) were significantly associated with maternal overweight/obesity in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected. For maternal health outcomes, multiple logistic regression analysis showed that hypertensive disorders (OR: 0.273; 95% CI 0.124–0.601; p = 0.001) and anemia (OR: 2.420; 95% CI 1.283–4.563; p = 0.006) were significantly associated with maternal overweight/obesity in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected. The overweight/obese HIV-infected participants (OR: 0.233; 95% CI 0.075–0.717; p = 0.011) had increased odds for developing hypertensive disorders compared to HIV-uninfected overweight/obese participants (OR: 0.471; 95% CI 0.172–1.291; p = 0.143). Conclusions: Maternal overweight/obesity in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected pregnant black South African women was significantly associated with maternal age, gestational age, HPT disorders, and anemia. Maternal overweight/obesity decreased the odds for anemia, but increased the odds for the development of HPT disorders, especially in the HIV-infected pregnant women.