Multivariate Probit Model Analysis of the Factors Influencing Smallholder Farmers’ Choice of ICT Tools: A Case Study of Mpumalanga, South Africa

Abstract

This study examined factors influencing smallholder farmers’ decisions to use Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for agricultural information in Mbombela Local Municipality, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Data were collected from 308 respondents through a quantitative cross-sectional survey using a structured questionnaire, with systematic sampling to select participants. Multivariate probit regression identified factors affecting ICT tool choices. Analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between gender, age and language use with smallholder farmers’ preference for using radio. Factors like farm size, off-farm income, and language positively influence the choice of basic cell phones. In contrast, educational level, marital status, and electricity supply negatively influence the choice to use radio and basic cell phones. Network connectivity and ICT awareness positively influence TV use, while household size and ICT costs have a negative effect. Educational level and ICT awareness positively influenced the use of computers and smartphones, whereas age, gender, off-farm income, electricity supply, farm size, household size and network connectivity had a negative influence. When smallholder farmers have access to multiple ICT tools, they can select the most beneficial combination for improving crop productivity. To maximise ICTs’ potential, policymakers should promote inclusive ICT access, awareness and training tailored to farmers’ needs, focusing on affordability, connectivity and literacy to support agricultural information dissemination.