Patterns of cardiometabolic health as midlife women transition to menopause: A prospective multiethnic study

Abstract

Context: Cardiometabolic conditions increase in midlife, but early customized prevention strategies are not established for such women. Objective: To characterize and identify factors longitudinally related to constellations of cardiometabolic risk components in multiracial/ethnic women in midlife. Design: We conducted a prospective, longitudinal, multiethnic cohort study of 3003 midlife women undergoing menopausal transition (MT). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined as having at least three of five components: high fasting triglyceride (hTG) level, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (lHDL-C) level, high fasting plasma glucose (hGluc) level, large waist circumference (abdominal obesity; Ob), and hypertension (HTN). We described the patterns of constellations and estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for constellations at (i) incident MetS and (ii) recovery from MetS, using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression. Setting: Seven US sites. Participants: In all, 1412 non-Hispanic white, 851 black, 272 Japanese, 237 Hispanic, and 231 Chinese women. Exposures: Race/ethnicity, lifestyle factors, and MT stage. Main Outcomes Measures: Cardiometabolic constellations, incident MetS, and MetS recovery. Results: Central obesity was the most frequent component. Having no components was the most frequent (31%) baseline constellation. Physical activity (HR = 1.68; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.68) and lower caloric intake (HR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93, 0.99 per 100 cal/d) were associated with recovery from MetS. Ob/hTG/lHDL-C (18%), Ob/HTN/lHDL-C (16%), and Ob/HTN/hGluc (14%) were frequent incident constellations. Physically active women had 26% to 62% lower hazards of incident MetS than inactive women. Conclusions: Modifiable lifestyle behaviors were related to recovery from MetS and decreased risk of the most frequent MetS constellations in midlife women.