Utilizing Agro-Waste as Aggregate in Cement Composites: A Comprehensive Review of Properties, Global Trends, and Applications

Abstract

Amid growing environmental concerns and the increasing demand for sustainable construction practices, the exploration of alternative materials in building applications has garnered significant attention. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the use of agricultural waste as an aggregate in cementitious composites, with a particular focus on palm kernel shells, coconut shells, hazelnut, peanut and pistachio shells, stone fruit shells and pits, date and grape seeds, rice husks, maize (corn) cobs, and sunflower seed shells. For each type of agro-waste, the paper discusses key physical and mechanical properties, global production volumes, and primary countries of origin. Furthermore, it offers an in-depth analysis of existing research on the incorporation of these materials into cement-based composites, highlighting both the advantages and limitations of their use. Although the integration of agro-waste into construction materials presents certain challenges, the vast quantities of agricultural residues generated globally underscore the urgency and potential of their reuse. In line with circular economy principles, this review advocates for the valorization of agro-waste through innovative and sustainable applications within the construction industry.