Microbial Resistance: Mechanisms, Impacts, and Challenges for the Treatment of Bacterial and Fungal Infections

Abstract

This review addresses the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance, focusing on pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and fungi like Candida spp. Initially, various mechanisms of bacterial resistance are discussed, including antibiotic target modification and horizontal gene transfer. Both intrinsic and acquired resistance are explored, highlighting how these microorganisms adapt and survive antimicrobial treatment. Additionally, the challenges faced in the treatment of fungal infections, such as resistance to azoles and echinocandins among Candida species, are addressed. The review also discusses the importance of discovering new antifungal agents and strategies to overcome emerging resistance. It concludes that antimicrobial resistance remains a significant threat to global health, requiring innovative and coordinated approaches to tackle this growing problem.