Interplay of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases: mechanisms and treatment strategies

Abstract

This review analyzes recent findings on the role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). We provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying oxidative disturbances, including alterations in glutathione metabolism and key regulatory pathways such as Nrf2/ARE. Evidence from patient studies and experimental models is summarized, highlighting the interplay between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neuronal degeneration. Current and emerging antioxidant therapeutic strategies are discussed, with a special focus on mitochondria-targeted approaches and the activation of endogenous antioxidant systems. The limitations of conventional antioxidant therapies and the prospects for developing novel interventions are also addressed.